Evidencia científica
Estudios de investigación basados en evidencia
Improvement of the Interaction Model Aimed to Reduce the Negative Effects of Cybersickness in VR Rehab Applications
Study presenting an improved interaction model aimed at reducing cybersickness in VR rehabilitation applications, enhancing comfort and usability for patients.
Colaboración: Predrag Veličković, Miloš Milovanović
Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation
Cochrane systematic review examining the effectiveness and safety of VR and interactive video gaming for improving arm function and daily activities after stroke.
Colaboración: Kate E Laver, Belinda Lange, Stacey George et al.
Immersion of virtual reality for rehabilitation – Review
Review examining the role of immersion in virtual reality for rehabilitation, exploring how different levels of immersion affect therapeutic outcomes across conditions.
Colaboración: Tyler Rose, Chang S Nam, Karen B Chen
Efficacy of virtual reality-based training programs and games on the improvement of cognitive disorders in patients
Systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating VR training programs and games for cognitive disorders, demonstrating significant improvements in cognitive function.
Colaboración: Khadijeh Moulaei, Hamid Sharifi, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Fatemeh Dinari
Cognitive rehabilitation using virtual reality in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment
Systematic review examines VR cognitive rehabilitation in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, identifying benefits and research gaps.
Colaboración: Maria Grazia Maggio, Raffaela Maione, Maria Cotelli et al.
Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A systematic review
Systematic review examining VR applications in diagnosis and therapy for mental disorders, covering anxiety, PTSD, phobias, and other psychiatric conditions.
Colaboración: Annika Wiebe, Kyra Kannen, Benjamin Selaskowski et al.
Virtual Reality Interventions for Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates VR for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, examining effectiveness on cognitive outcomes and quality of life.
Colaboración: Qin Yang, Liuxin Zhang, Fangyuan Chang et al.
Virtual reality gaming: a tool for reducing fear and anxiety in university students
Study examining VR gaming as a tool for reducing fear and anxiety in university students, exploring its potential as an accessible mental health intervention.
Colaboración: Qian Zhang, Anlin Peng, Lihua He, Xincheng Li
Virtual reality-based assessment and treatment of social functioning impairments in psychosis
Systematic review of VR-based assessment and treatment of social functioning impairments in psychosis, examining clinical evidence and future research directions.
Colaboración: Simon Riches, Sara Pisani, Leanne Bird et al.
Feeling at home in a virtually amputated body: neural and phenomenological effects of illusory embodiment in body integrity dysphoria
Study examining neural and phenomenological effects of illusory embodiment in body integrity dysphoria patients using VR amputation simulation.
Colaboración: Gianluca Saetta, Yannik Peter, Kathy Ruddy et al.
Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy: A Commentary on Strategies, Interventions, and Perspectives From Five Clinical Reports
Commentary examining VR strategies and interventions in psychotherapy based on five clinical reports, exploring applications for mental health treatment.
Colaboración: Sofia Seinfeld, Adrián Montesano
Behavioral and neural effects of virtual embodiment in individuals with Body Integrity Dysphoria
Study examining behavioral and neural effects of virtual embodiment in individuals with Body Integrity Dysphoria, exploring VR as a therapeutic tool for body perception disorders.
Colaboración: Jasmine T Ho, Maria Niedernhuber, Vanessa Frei et al.
Virtual embodiment in fibromyalgia
Study exploring the effects of virtual embodiment in fibromyalgia patients, examining how avatar-based VR experiences influence pain perception and body representation.
Colaboración: Justyna Świdrak, Ana Arias, Edgar Rodriguez de la Calle et al.
Impact of virtual embodiment and exercises on functional ability and range of motion in orthopedic rehabilitation
Study examining how virtual embodiment combined with exercises impacts functional ability and range of motion in orthopedic rehabilitation patients.
Colaboración: Marta Matamala-Gomez, Mel Slater, Maria V Sanchez-Vives
Embodiment in Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Case Series
Case series exploring VR embodiment as a treatment approach for chronic low back pain, examining the role of virtual body ownership in pain modulation.
Colaboración: Michael S Trujillo, Anthony F Alvarez, Lincoln Nguyen, James Petros
Use of Virtual Reality Feedback for Patients with Chronic Neck Pain and Kinesiophobia
Study evaluating VR feedback for patients with chronic neck pain and kinesiophobia, examining how visual feedback in VR influences pain-free range of motion.
Colaboración: Karen B Chen, Mary E Sesto, Kevin Ponto et al.
Visual feedback manipulation in virtual reality to influence pain-free range of motion in non-specific neck pain
Study exploring whether people with non-specific neck pain who are fearful of movement are more susceptible to visual feedback manipulation in VR to influence pain-free range of motion.
Colaboración: Maaike Kragting, Lennard Voogt, Michel W Coppieters, Annelies L Pool-Goudzwaard
Exposure-Based Intervention in Virtual Reality to Address Kinesiophobia in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Narrative review explores exposure-based VR interventions for kinesiophobia in Parkinson's disease, examining theoretical frameworks and potential applications for reducing fear-avoidance behaviors.
Colaboración: Alice Jeanningros, Stéphane Bouchard, Alexandra Potvin-Desrochers
Effect of virtual reality technology as intervention for people with kinesiophobia: A meta-analysis
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials demonstrates that VR interventions significantly reduce kinesiophobia across various conditions.
Colaboración: Shanshan Wang, Jiao Sun, Xin Yin, Hongyan Li
The effect of virtual reality on pain, kinesiophobia and function in total knee arthroplasty patients
Randomized controlled trial shows VR significantly reduces pain, kinesiophobia, and improves function after total knee arthroplasty compared to conventional rehabilitation.
Colaboración: Ozan Gür, Selda Başar
Safety of virtual reality use in children: a systematic review
Systematic review evaluates VR safety in pediatric populations, examining adverse effects including cybersickness and psychological impacts while providing age-appropriate recommendations.
Colaboración: Charlotte Bexson, Geralyn Oldham & Jo Wray
Visually-provoked seizures: Consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation Working Group
Epilepsy Foundation consensus provides evidence-based guidelines on visually-provoked seizures including VR-related risks, identifying susceptible individuals and recommending precautions.
Colaboración: Robert S. Fisher, Arnold Wilkins, Yukitoshi Takahashi et al.
Sensorimotor Research Utilising Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study with Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Pilot study explores immersive VR for sensorimotor research in autism spectrum disorders, demonstrating feasibility and revealing differences in sensorimotor integration.
Colaboración: Irene Valori, Rena Bayramova, Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley & Teresa Farroni
Decreasing pediatric pain and agitation during botulinum toxin injections for spasticity with virtual reality
Clinical report demonstrates that VR significantly reduces pain and agitation during botulinum toxin injections for pediatric spasticity.
Colaboración: Brian Chau, Bradley Chi & Thaddeus Wilson
Effect of virtual reality therapy combined with physiotherapy for improving motor proficiency in individuals with Down syndrome
Systematic review evaluates VR combined with physiotherapy for motor proficiency in Down syndrome, finding preliminary evidence supporting VR for improving balance and coordination.
Colaboración: Jessica Stander, Jennifer C. du Preez, Chantel Kritzinger et al.
A Systematic Review on the Application of Virtual Reality for Muscular Dystrophy Rehabilitation
Systematic review examines VR applications in muscular dystrophy rehabilitation, highlighting motor learning benefits through engagement, repetitive practice, and neuroplasticity mechanisms.
Colaboración: Pawel Kiper, Sara Federico, Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha et al.
Motivational influence of virtual reality in physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review protocol
Systematic review protocol outlines methodology to examine how VR influences motivation in physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy, addressing engagement as a key factor.
Colaboración: Huda Aliah Mohd Iqbal, Asfarina Zanudin, Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin
Virtual Reality for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Patients With Obstetric Brachial Palsy
Systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates VR for upper limb rehabilitation in obstetric brachial palsy, finding significant improvements in motor function and range of motion.
Colaboración: Amaranta De Miguel-Rubio, Alvaro Alba-Rueda, Elena María Millán-Salguero et al.
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Upper Extremity Function and Motor Performance of Children With Cerebral Palsy
Systematic review evaluates VR effectiveness for upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy, finding promising evidence for improved reach, grasp, and functional hand use.
Colaboración: Juliana Bell, Bonnie Decker, Alicia Eichmann et al.
Effect of Virtual Reality on Balance Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis shows VR significantly improves balance function in children with cerebral palsy compared to conventional therapy.
Colaboración: Wei Liu, Yuanyan Hu, Junfeng Li & Jindong Chang
State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy
Comprehensive systematic review using a traffic light system to evaluate interventions for cerebral palsy, classifying VR as emerging evidence alongside established treatments.
Colaboración: Iona Novak, Catherine Morgan, Michael Fahey et al.
Effectiveness of virtual reality on activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy
Systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates VR interventions improve activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy, supporting VR as an effective adjunctive tool.
Colaboración: YongGu Han & SunWook Park
The Role of Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions in Pediatric Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
Systematic review evaluates immersive VR interventions in pediatric cerebral palsy, demonstrating benefits for motor function, balance, and cognitive outcomes.
Colaboración: Maria Grazia Maggio, Maria Chiara Valeri, Rosaria De Luca et al.
Concern of Photosensitive Seizures Evoked by 3D Video Displays or Virtual Reality Headsets in Children
This perspective reviews photosensitive seizure concerns with 3D displays and VR headsets in children, concluding seizure risk is low but recommending caution in photosensitive epilepsy.
Colaboración: Tychsen L & Thio LL
Cybersickness. A systematic literature review of adverse effects related to virtual reality
Systematic review examining cybersickness adverse effects in VR, identifying symptoms, risk factors, and mitigation strategies for clinical VR implementation.
Colaboración: L. Simón-Vicente, S. Rodríguez-Cano, V. Delgado-Benito et al.
Do virtual reality interventions cause seizures in the critically ill? A rapid review
Rapid review examining seizure risk from VR in critically ill patients, finding minimal evidence of VR-induced seizures while recommending precautions for patients with epilepsy.
Colaboración: Adrian Goldsworthy, Mohd Fairuz Shiratuddin, Oystein Tronstad et al.
What Is the Impact of Engaging With Natural Environments Delivered Via Virtual Reality on Psycho-emotional Health of People With Spinal Cord Injury
Pilot RCT finds VR nature experiences improve mood and psychological well-being in hospitalized spinal cord injury patients, supporting VR as adjunctive rehabilitation therapy.
Colaboración: Ali Lakhani, Kate Martin, Lyndal Gray et al.
Immersive virtual reality for chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a pilot, randomized, controlled trial
Pilot RCT demonstrates that immersive VR significantly reduces chronic neuropathic pain intensity and interference in spinal cord injury patients.
Colaboración: Tabacof, Laura, Salazar, Sophia I., Breyman, Erica et al.
Prevalence and Determinants of Pain in Spinal Cord Injury During Initial Inpatient Rehabilitation
Using the Dutch Spinal Cord Injury Database, this study examines pain prevalence during initial inpatient rehabilitation, finding high pain rates and identifying associated factors.
Colaboración: Tim C. Crul, Marcel W.M. Post, Johanna M.A. Visser-Meily & Janneke M. Stolwijk-Swüste
Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
Systematic review and meta-analysis shows VR systems improve upper limb motor function in spinal cord injury patients, with significant gains in strength and dexterity.
Colaboración: Amaranta De Miguel-Rubio, M Dolores Rubio, Alvaro Alba-Rueda et al.
Go Virtual to Get Real: Virtual Reality as a Resource for Spinal Cord Treatment
This review explores VR applications in spinal cord injury, examining how VR-induced embodiment and sensorimotor illusions can promote neuroplasticity and pain modulation.
Colaboración: Erik Leemhuis, Rita Maria Esposito, Luigi De Gennaro & Mariella Pazzaglia
Effects of Virtual Reality Therapy on Gait and Balance Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury
Systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that VR therapy improves gait speed and balance in individuals with spinal cord injury.
Colaboración: Libak Abou, Vonjiniaina Domohina Malala & Laura A. Rice
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
Systematic review evaluating VR rehabilitation efficacy after spinal cord injury, finding promising evidence for motor and functional improvements.
Colaboración: Amanda Vitória Lacerda de Araújo, Jaqueline Freitas de Oliveira Neiva et al.
Virtual Reality as a Therapeutic Tool in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Evaluation
Comprehensive systematic review evaluating VR as a therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, demonstrating benefits for motor function, balance, and psychological outcomes.
Colaboración: Matteo Scalise, Tevfik Serhan Bora, Chiara Zancanella et al.
The link between chronic pain and Alzheimer’s disease
This review explores bidirectional links between chronic pain and Alzheimer's disease, examining shared neuroinflammatory mechanisms and implications for pain assessment in dementia.
Colaboración: Song Cao, Daniel W. Fisher, Tain Yu & Hongxin Dong
Trajectories of pain over 6 years in early Parkinson’s disease: ICICLE-PD
This longitudinal study tracks pain trajectories over six years in early Parkinson's disease, identifying distinct pain phenotypes and demonstrating increasing prevalence with disease progression.
Colaboración: J. Naisby, R. A. Lawson, B. Galna et al.
Post-stroke pain
This expert review examines post-stroke pain syndromes, including central post-stroke pain, musculoskeletal pain, and spasticity-related pain, addressing mechanisms and evidence-based treatments.
Colaboración: Jong S Kim
Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathophysiology and Pain Mechanisms
This review examines chronic pain pathophysiology after traumatic brain injury, exploring neuroinflammation, altered pain processing, and shared mechanisms with headache and neuropathic pain.
Colaboración: Karen-Amanda Irvine & J David Clark
Impact of Virtual Reality Alone and in Combination with Conventional Therapy on Balance in Parkinson’s Disease
Meta-analysis demonstrates that VR, alone or combined with conventional therapy, significantly improves balance in Parkinson's disease patients.
Colaboración: Giorgio De Natale, Erda Qorri, Jasemin Todri & Orges Lena
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on Balance and Risk of Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Systematic review and meta-analysis shows VR improves balance and reduces fall risk in multiple sclerosis patients, supporting VR as an effective complementary rehabilitation tool.
Colaboración: Ana Castellano-Aguilera, Gemma Biviá-Roig, Ferran Cuenca-Martínez et al.
Evaluation of Quality of Life After Use the Virtual Reality in Patients with Neurodegenerative Disease
This study evaluates quality of life improvements following VR use in neurodegenerative disease patients, demonstrating VR's potential to enhance functional outcomes and well-being.
Colaboración: Jéssica Spricigo Malisky, Bianca Lopes Cavalcante-Leão et al.
Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Intervention on Cognition, Motor Function, Mood, and Activities of Daily Living in Patients With Chronic Stroke
Systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that VR-based interventions improve cognition, motor function, mood, and daily activities in chronic stroke patients.
Colaboración: Yong Gao, Lu Ma, Changsheng Lin et al.
Economic Cost of Rehabilitation with Robotic and Virtual Reality Systems in People with Neurological Disorders
Systematic review examining economic costs of robotic and VR rehabilitation for neurological disorders, finding limited cost-effectiveness evidence and highlighting need for standardized evaluations.
Colaboración: Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda, Aitor Blázquez-Fernández, Selena Marcos-Antón et al.
Home-Based Nonimmersive Virtual Reality Training After Discharge From Inpatient or Outpatient Stroke Rehabilitation
Feasibility RCT evaluates home-based nonimmersive VR training post-stroke, demonstrating high adherence and safety with potential benefits for balance and mobility.
Colaboración: Lisa Sheehy, Anne Taillon-Hobson, Heidi Sveistrup et al.
Home-based Upper Extremity Stroke Therapy Using a Multiuser Virtual Reality Environment
This RCT evaluates home-based multiuser VR for upper extremity stroke rehabilitation, demonstrating feasibility and comparable motor improvements to conventional therapy.
Colaboración: Kelly O. Thielbar, Kristen M. Triandafilou, Alexander J. Barry et al.
VA/DOD Clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation
This VA/DoD clinical practice guideline provides comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for stroke rehabilitation across motor, cognitive, and psychosocial domains.
Colaboración: Barbara Bates, Jonathan Glasberg, Karen Hughes et al.
Effects of virtual reality for stroke individuals based on the International Classification of Functioning and Health
Systematic review evaluating VR effects on stroke rehabilitation using the ICF framework, finding benefits primarily in body function and activity domains.
Colaboración: Gisele Carla dos Santos Palma, Tatiana Beline Freitas et al.
Stroke rehabilitation
This seminal review synthesizes stroke rehabilitation evidence, emphasizing multidisciplinary stroke unit care, task-specific training, high-intensity practice, and early mobilization.
Colaboración: Prof Peter Langhorne, Prof Julie Bernhardt & Gert Kwakkel
The Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Post-Stroke Upper and Lower Limb Function: A Meta-Analysis
This meta-analysis evaluates VR training effects on post-stroke upper and lower limb function, demonstrating significant improvements in motor outcomes.
Colaboración: Woo-Kyoung Yoo, Yongkyun Jung, Gyu Jin Kim et al.
What is Task-Oriented Training? A Scoping Review
This scoping review examines definitions and components of task-oriented training in rehabilitation, identifying inconsistencies in terminology and highlighting the need for standardized definitions.
Colaboración: Erin Halford, Samantha Jakubiszak, Kassidy Krug & Amanda Umphress
Improving poststroke recovery: Neuroplasticity and task-oriented training
This review describes neuroplasticity principles underlying poststroke motor recovery, emphasizing experience-dependent plasticity and task-oriented training as key rehabilitation strategies.
Colaboración: Richard L. Harvey
A novel fully immersive virtual reality environment for upper extremity rehabilitation in patients with stroke
Randomized controlled trial demonstrating that fully immersive VR combined with conventional therapy significantly improved upper extremity motor function in stroke patients.
Colaboración: Destaw B. Mekbib, Dereje Kebebew Debeli, Li Zhang et al.
Updates in Motor Learning: Implications for Physical Therapist Practice and Education
This perspective describes four distinct motor learning mechanisms with unique neural substrates, offering practical implications for developing more precise physical therapy interventions.
Colaboración: Kristan A Leech, Ryan T Roemmich, James Gordon et al.
Virtual Reality in Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study on Usability in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Pilot study demonstrating high usability and preliminary cognitive improvements in seniors with mild cognitive impairment using immersive VR cognitive training.
Colaboración: Jose Ferrer Costa, Maria Jose Ciudad, Maribel González Abad & José Luis Rodríguez García
Effects of virtual reality-based motor rehabilitation: a systematic review of fMRI studies
Systematic review of 23 fMRI studies shows VR rehabilitation induces cortical reorganization primarily in primary motor cortex, with relateralization to ipsilesional hemisphere.
Colaboración: Jamille A Feitosa, Corina A Fernandes, Raphael F Casseb & Gabriela Castellano
Towards personalized immersive virtual reality neurorehabilitation: a human-centered design
Human-centered design study identifying five recovery phases and six key themes for IVR neurorehabilitation, emphasizing meaningful and adaptable virtual settings.
Colaboración: Salvatore Luca Cucinella, Joost C. F. de Winter, Erik Grauwmeijer et al.
Brain Neuroplasticity Leveraging Virtual Reality and Brain–Computer Interface Technologies
Systematic review exploring how VR and brain-computer interfaces promote neuroplasticity by stimulating specific brain regions and influencing cognitive functions.
Colaboración: Athanasios Drigas & Angeliki Sideraki
Virtual reality for cancer symptom management: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Systematic review of 15 RCTs shows VR effectiveness in reducing physical symptoms like pain and fatigue, and psychological symptoms including anxiety and depression in cancer patients.
Colaboración: Tuğçe Uçgun & Ebru Akgün Çitak
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Anxiety and Pain Management in Children and Adolescents Receiving Cancer Treatment
Meta-analysis of 14 RCTs shows VR has a medium, significant effect on reducing pain and anxiety in children receiving cancer treatment, with age moderating effectiveness.
Colaboración: Cigdem Sari Ozturk & Ebru Kilicarslan Toruner
Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality for Pain and Anxiety Management in Pediatric Patients with Hematological or Solid Cancer
Systematic review of 13 studies shows VR beneficial effects during painful vascular access procedures in pediatric cancer patients, with limited evidence for anxiety reduction.
Colaboración: Dania Comparcini, Valentina Simonetti, Francesco Galli et al.
A synthesis of meta-analyses of immersive virtual reality interventions in pain
Umbrella review of 54 meta-analyses demonstrates immersive VR is efficacious for procedural pain. Evidence for chronic pain shows only short-term pain intensity improvements.
Colaboración: Tessa Rooney, Louise Sharpe, Natalie Winiarski et al.
Efficacy of virtual reality for pain relief in medical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 RCTs demonstrates VR significantly reduces pain across medical procedures, with strongest effects in pediatric populations and venepuncture.
Colaboración: Jhia J. Teh, Dominic J. Pascoe, Safiya Hafeji et al.
Can virtual reality enhance the patient experience during awake invasive procedures?
Systematic review of 16 RCTs demonstrates VR significantly reduces procedural anxiety and pain during awake invasive procedures, with favorable effects on patient satisfaction.
Colaboración: Boyce, Louisa, Jordan, Chloe, Egan, Timothy & Sivaprakasam, Rajesh
Extended reality used in the treatment of phantom limb pain: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial
Multicenter double-blind RCT comparing phantom motor execution versus imagery using extended reality. Both interventions reduced pain by approximately 65-68%.
Colaboración: Lendaro, Eva, Van der Sluis, Corry K., Hermansson, Liselotte et al.
Characteristics of Phantom Limb Pain Alleviated with Virtual Reality Rehabilitation
In 19 amputees, VR rehabilitation reduced phantom limb pain and improved movement representation. Relief was associated with kinesthesia-related symptoms, not somatosensory pain.
Colaboración: Michihiro Osumi, Kazunori Inomata, Yuji Inoue et al.
Clinical Trial of the Virtual Integration Environment to Treat Phantom Limb Pain With Upper Extremity Amputation
Fourteen service members with upper limb amputation used a VR simulator. After ~18 sessions, 88% reduced phantom limb pain and 80% reduced residual limb pain.
Colaboración: Briana N. Perry, Robert S. Armiger, Mikias Wolde et al.
Know Pain Know Gain: proposing a treatment approach for phantom limb pain
Phantom limb pain affects 50–80% of amputees and is difficult to manage. This review summarizes pathophysiology and proposes a clinically informed treatment approach for combat-related amputations.
Colaboración: Peter Le Feuvre & D Aldington
Virtual Reality–Based Training in Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Meta-analysis of 20 RCTs found VR-based training significantly reduced pain, kinesiophobia, and disability immediately after treatment in chronic low back pain.
Colaboración: Ran Li, Yinghao Li, Youli Kong et al.
Phantom limb pain: A literature review
This review summarizes definitions, proposed mechanisms, and available treatments for phantom limb phenomena. Despite advances, a comprehensive unified framework remains lacking.
Colaboración: Amreet Kaur & Yuxi Guan
The Efficacy of Virtual Reality on the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Umbrella Review
Umbrella review of 14 meta-analyses found VR reduces musculoskeletal pain and improves function and psychological outcomes, though evidence shows substantial heterogeneity.
Colaboración: Peiyuan Tang, Yangbin Cao, Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran et al.
Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis shows VR reduces pain and kinesiophobia in chronic low back pain, with effects maintained at follow-up. No significant impact on disability.
Colaboración: Beatriz Brea-Gómez, Irene Torres-Sánchez, Araceli Ortiz-Rubio et al.
Physiotherapist beliefs and perspectives on virtual reality supported rehabilitation for musculoskeletal shoulder pain
Physiotherapists saw immersive VR as promising for shoulder rehabilitation but highlighted safety and practical barriers, calling for further research.
Colaboración: Niamh Brady, Beate Dejaco, Jeremy Lewis et al.
Durability of the Treatment Effects of an 8-Week Self-administered Home-Based Virtual Reality Program for Chronic Low Back Pain
An 8-week home-based immersive VR program for chronic low back pain reduced pain and interference, with benefits maintained at 6 months, outperforming sham VR.
Colaboración: Laura Garcia, Brandon Birckhead, Parthasarathy Krishnamurthy et al.
Immersive and Nonimmersive Virtual Reality–Assisted Active Training in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
28 RCTs show VR-assisted training reduces chronic musculoskeletal pain. Nonimmersive VR benefits low back pain; immersive VR modestly improves neck pain.
Colaboración: Hermione Hin Man Lo, Mengting Zhu, Zihui Zou et al.
Effect modifiers of virtual reality in pain management: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis
Meta-analysis of 122 RCTs showed immersive VR significantly reduced pain across conditions, especially in younger patients and those with moderate–severe pain.
Colaboración: Lier, Elisabeth J., de Vries, Marjan, Steggink, Eline M. et al.
Immersive virtual reality for shoulder rehabilitation: evaluation of a physical therapy program with Oculus Quest 2
Physiotherapists viewed immersive VR as promising for shoulder rehab, particularly for reducing fear and improving adherence, but identified safety and practical barriers.
Colaboración: Umile Giuseppe Longo, Arianna Carnevale, Flavia Andreoli et al.
Virtual reality and motor control exercises to treat chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial
Randomized trial comparing VR vs motor control exercises over 6 weeks in chronic neck pain patients. VR improved pressure pain thresholds, proprioception and functional limitation more.
Colaboración: Hatice Cetin, Nezire Kose & Halil Kamil Oge
The State of Science in the Use of Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain
Scoping review of 70 studies found VR effectively reduces acute and chronic pain. Distraction dominated acute pain studies, embodiment chronic. Adverse events were rarely assessed.
Colaboración: Baker, Nancy A., Polhemus, Augusta Hixon, Haan Ospina, Emma et al.
Improving Adherence to a Home Rehabilitation Plan for Chronic Neck Pain through Immersive Virtual Reality: A Case Report
Case report demonstrating that immersive VR improved adherence to home rehabilitation exercises in a patient with chronic neck pain through enhanced motivation and gamification.
Colaboración: Matteo Cioeta, Sanaz Pournajaf, Michela Goffredo et al.
Virtual Reality Intervention for Patients With Neck Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found moderate evidence that VR reduces neck pain intensity, especially in multimodal programs and chronic cases. VR also improved disability and mobility.
Colaboración: Qifan Guo, LIMing Zhang, Chenfan Gui et al.
Effectiveness and adverse effects of immersive technologies used for rehabilitation of patients with non-specific neck pain
Systematic review of five RCTs suggests VR may improve pain and range of motion in non-specific neck pain. Both VR and controls improved. Safety data remain limited.
Colaboración: Joanna S Kostka, Agnieszka Zawadzka-Fabijan, Dariusz Działa et al.
The analgesic effects and neural oscillatory mechanisms of virtual reality based on distraction and mindfulness strategies
Immersive VR reduced pain more than 2D or no input. Exploration boosted gamma activity; mindfulness increased alpha. Both produced similar analgesia via distinct neural mechanisms.
Colaboración: Jingwei Li, Haoyu Yang, Yian Xiao et al.
Virtual Reality for Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management: Exploring Methods and Efficacy
VR offers a promising nonpharmacological approach for pediatric postoperative pain through multisensory distraction and emotional modulation.
Colaboración: Sidhant Kalsotra, Dillon Froass, Aneesha Gupta et al.
Innovative Technology Using Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Pain: Does It Reduce Pain via Distraction, or Is There More to It?
This review shows that VR reduces pain primarily through distraction, with emerging evidence for additional mechanisms like conditioning and exposure.
Colaboración: Anita Gupta, Kevin Scott & Matthew Dukewich
Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain Management and Opioid Use Among Hospitalized Patients After Head and Neck Surgery
In a pilot randomized trial after head and neck surgery, immersive VR significantly reduced postoperative pain and opioid use compared with a 2D control.
Colaboración: Vivek C. Pandrangi, Suparna N. Shah, Jennifer D. Bruening et al.
Randomized, Crossover Study of Immersive Virtual Reality to Decrease Opioid Use During Painful Wound Care Procedures
Immersive VR during wound care reduced opioid use compared with standard care. Most patients preferred IVR, supporting it as an effective analgesic distraction.
Colaboración: Theresa McSherry, Michelle Atterbury, Sarah Gartner et al.
Virtual reality for management of pain in hospitalized patients: A randomized comparative effectiveness trial
This randomized trial shows that on-demand VR significantly reduced pain in hospitalized patients compared with health-and-wellness TV, with strongest effects in those with severe pain.
Colaboración: Brennan Spiegel, Garth Fuller, Mayra Lopez et al.
Interacting with virtual objects via embodied avatar hands reduces pain intensity and diverts attention
Interactive VR with embodied avatar hands significantly reduced pain intensity, unpleasantness, and pain-related thoughts compared to passive VR.
Colaboración: Hunter G. Hoffman
Virtual reality as a pain distraction modality for experimentally induced pain in a chronic pain population
Immersive, interactive VR increased pain tolerance in chronic pain patients. Greater presence during VR was positively associated with higher pain tolerance.
Colaboración: Phillip Brown, Wendy Powell, Neil Dansey et al.
Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain
VR is a promising tool for managing pediatric acute, procedural, and chronic pain, with presence, interactivity and embodiment enhancing acceptance.
Colaboración: Andrea Stevenson Won, Jakki Bailey, Jeremy Bailenson et al.
Factors influencing the hypoalgesic effects of virtual reality
Immersive VR significantly increased pain tolerance and reduced pain unpleasantness, highlighting immersion in pleasant environments as key to VR's hypoalgesic effects.
Colaboración: Shafir, Ronia, Watson, Lakotaa, Felix, Ryan B. et al.
Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning
This study shows that during sensorimotor learning the brain combines task statistics and sensory uncertainty according to Bayesian principles.
Colaboración: Konrad P. Körding & Daniel M. Wolpert
Virtual Reality as a Nonpharmacological Tool for Acute Pain Management: A Scoping Review
VR is a promising nonpharmacological approach for managing acute pain through distraction, potentially complementing or reducing medication needs.
Colaboración: Ragaviveka Gopalan, Himanshi Pande, Saralya Narayanan & Adith Chinnaswami
Virtual Reality as a Distraction Intervention to Relieve Pain and Distress During Medical Procedures
This review shows that immersive VR effectively reduces pain and distress during medical procedures, calling for larger long-term randomized studies.
Colaboración: Indovina, Paola, Barone, Daniela, Gallo, Luigi et al.
Presence and Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Are Negatively Related: A Review
This review concludes that presence and cybersickness in VR are typically inversely related, driven by sensory integration and mismatch.
Colaboración: Seamas Weech, Sophie Kenny & Michael Barnett-Cowan
The effect of uncertainty on pain decisions for self and others
This study shows that uncertainty shapes decisions about others' pain, leading to more risk aversion and underestimation of strangers' pain.
Colaboración: Leyla Loued-Khenissi, Sandra Martin-Brevet, Luis Schumacher & Corrado Corradi-Dell'Acqua
When Feeling Is More Important Than Seeing in Sensorimotor Adaptation
This study shows that vision and proprioception are integrated optimally when estimating hand position, with weighting varying by spatial direction.
Colaboración: Robert J van Beers, Daniel M Wolpert & Patrick Haggard
Uncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain
This paper defines stress as uncertainty using the free energy principle, explaining how persistent uncertainty drives cerebral energy demand and systemic dysfunction.
Colaboración: Achim Peters, Bruce S. McEwen & Karl Friston
Linking Pain and Motor Control: Conceptualization of Movement Deficits in Patients With Painful Conditions
This paper outlines a motor control framework showing how pain and pain anticipation alter movement through sensory, cognitive, and motor processes.
Colaboración: Shailesh S Kantak, Tessa Johnson & Ryan Zarzycki
The interaction between stress and chronic pain through the lens of threat learning
This review argues that threat learning is a key mechanism linking stress and chronic pain, integrating evidence on cortisol and maladaptive learning.
Colaboración: Inge Timmers, Conny W.E.M. Quaedflieg, Connie Hsu et al.
Immersive Virtual Reality and Virtual Embodiment for Pain Relief
This review explores immersive VR and virtual embodiment as tools to modulate body perception and reduce pain.
Colaboración: Marta Matamala-Gomez, Tony Donegan, Sara Bottiroli et al.
Is Tactile Acuity Altered in People With Chronic Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
This systematic review shows reduced tactile acuity in several chronic non-neuropathic pain conditions, supporting altered body representation in chronic pain.
Colaboración: Mark J. Catley, Neil E. O'Connell, Carolyn Berryman, F. Figen Ayhan & G. Lorimer Moseley
Can Biomechanics Research Lead to More Effective Treatment of Low Back Pain?
This commentary debates whether biomechanics alone can guide effective treatment for low back pain, concluding that isolated biomechanical approaches are insufficient.
Colaboración: Jacek Cholewicki, Alan Breen, John M. Popovich et al.
My body is not working right: a cognitive behavioral model of body image and chronic pain
This paper presents a cognitive-behavioral model explaining how chronic pain shapes negative body perceptions, contributing to pain persistence and altered body image.
Colaboración: Sündermann, Olivera, Flink, Idab & Linton, Steven Jamesb
Lifeworlds in pain: a principled method for investigation and intervention
This paper presents a unified framework for understanding pain integrating anthropology and Bayesian computational psychiatry.
Colaboración: Abby Tabor & Axel Constant
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population
This systematic review and meta-analysis estimates chronic widespread pain prevalence at around 10% of adults, with higher rates in women and older individuals.
Colaboración: Kathryn E Mansfield, Julius Sim, Joanne L Jordan & Kelvin P Jordan
An enactive approach to pain: beyond the biopsychosocial model
This paper introduces a 5E framework of pain integrating phenomenology and cognitive science to move beyond biomedical and biopsychosocial models.
Colaboración: Peter Stilwell & Katherine Harman
The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: functioning properties of chronic pain
This narrative review presents the IASP proposal for defining functioning properties of chronic pain within ICD-11, linking it to the ICF framework to improve pain assessment and patient management.
Colaboración: Nugraha et al. & The IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain
The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain
This review describes the IASP-led revision of the pain definition, reflecting advances in pain science. The updated definition broadens pain beyond tissue damage and was unanimously adopted by the IASP Council.
Colaboración: Srinivasa N. Raja, Daniel B. Carr, Milton Cohen et al.
Virtual Reality Technology for Physical and Cognitive Function Rehabilitation in People With Multiple Sclerosis
This review summarizes recent evidence on virtual reality training in multiple sclerosis, highlighting its potential to improve motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms.
Colaboración: MahgolZahra Kamari, Vitor Siqueira, Jemimah Bakare & Emerson Sebastião
The Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning (CAMIL)
This paper presents the CAMIL framework explaining how immersion, presence, and agency in IVR influence cognitive and affective factors to support learning outcomes and knowledge transfer.
Colaboración: Guido Makransky & Gustav B. Petersen
Virtual Body Ownership Illusions for Mental Health: A Narrative Review
This review explores the use of virtual reality–induced body ownership illusions to improve mental health, summarizing current clinical evidence and identifying challenges for future research.
Colaboración: Marta Matamala-Gomez, Antonella Maselli, Clelia Malighetti, Olivia Realdon, Fabrizia Mantovani & Giuseppe Riva
A Call to Unify Definitions of Virtual Reality
Virtual reality will be widely adopted by nursing within the next five years. The authors review various definitions and recommend use of the concepts immersion and presence as a way to define VR.
Colaboración: Suzan Kardong-Edgren, Sharon L. Farra, Guillaume Alinier & H. Michael Young
Neural basis of embodiment: distinct contributions of temporoparietal junction and extrastriate body area
This study demonstrates distinct neural mechanisms for embodiment and self-location, with the extrastriate body area supporting embodied self-location and the temporoparietal junction linked to disembodied perspectives.
Colaboración: Shahar Arzy, Gregor Thut, Christine Mohr, Christoph M. Michel & Olaf Blanke
Revisiting Milgram and Kishino’s Reality-Virtuality Continuum
This paper revisits the reality–virtuality continuum, arguing that true VR is unattainable and most experiences are mixed reality. It proposes an updated taxonomy based on immersion, world knowledge, and coherence.
Colaboración: Richard Skarbez, Missie Smith & Mary C. Whitton
Virtual reality approaches to pain: toward a state of the science
Review of virtual reality for pain management, outlining current applications and key mechanisms such as immersion and embodiment. It also highlights methodological limitations and future research directions needed to strengthen evidence.
Colaboración: Zina Trost, Christopher France, Monima Anam & Corey Shum
Educational virtual environments: A ten-year review of empirical research (1999-2009)
Critical review of educational virtual reality research highlights its learning potential through presence, immersion, and constructivist design, while emphasizing limited empirical evidence and the need for longitudinal studies.
Colaboración: Tassos Mikropoulos & Antonis Natsis